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In recent years, the study of wild silkmoths (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) has increased exponentially due to the intense sampling effort and the use of molecular evidence for species delimitation, which led to the description of numerous new taxa especially from the Neotropic. Given these rapid advances, the checklist of the Colombian Saturniidae needs to be updated to cover the taxonomy, distribution, and diversity of these moths in the country. After an extensive review of literature, data repositories, and collections, an updated and comprehensive list of Saturniidae from Colombia is presented, including their occurrence status in each Colombian department. The checklist includes 7 subfamilies, 55 genera, and 790 taxa (766 in species rank) of Saturniidae in Colombia. Current distribution data show that the genus Winbrechlinia, the subgenusDarylesia, 379 species, and 18 subspecies are endemic to Colombia. Moreover, a dichotomic key to the Colombian subfamilies is provided. A few taxonomic changes are proposed based on a thorough taxonomic revision of the Colombian taxa. This revision also addresses the issue of outdated species names reported in the first checklist of Colombian Saturniidae (Amarillo-Suárez 2000) and excludes old records of taxa that are considered dubious for Colombia based on new evidence. By presenting an updated list of Colombian species, including the newly described taxa, this study aims at eliminating confusion stemming from outdated names and provides a useful resource for researching and conservating Saturniidae in Colombia. We wish to offer a common reference for future studies on the biodiversity and biogeography of moths in the Neotropical realm.
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Parasitoids are an important group of insects because their species number is among the highest. Multiple studies have addressed the relationships between forest successional age and insect diversity by focusing on herbivorous organisms, but changes in diversity of parasitoids are still poorly known. This work analyses the diversity of parasitoids in tropical forests representing three successional stages. A total of 30 traps were placed, ten in each forest successional stages. We estimated true diversity of Ichneumonidae species and guilds and explored the relationship between their diversity and the abundance of plant species using an Indicator Species Analysis; the relationship between parasitoid species and plant richness and abundance was tested using a Redundancy Analysis. A total of 1522 individuals and 168 morpho-species were captured in four months. Species richness showed no differences; however, parasitoid abundance was higher in young forest, while intermediate forest had the highest true diversity values (1D) with 71.6 effective species. According to insect guilds, richness, abundance, and diversity were similar in the three vegetation successional stages. This finding may be explained based on the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, which postulates that moderate disturbance levels favor the highest diversity. In conclusion, successional age matters, i.e., diversity is the highest in intermediate stages, while the old forests harbors guilds unique to that successional stage, such as parasitoids of melitophagous larvae of bees. Other successional stages were characterized by a single species of parasitoid, belonging to the genera Eiphosoma and Anomalon, which may indicate altered and preserved forests, respectively.
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Biodiversidad , Himenópteros , Humanos , Animales , Árboles , Bosques , Plantas , EcosistemaRESUMEN
[Objective] Our main objective was to evaluate Favolus rugulosus indoor production in different substrates and to analyze the proximal composition of cultivated basidiomata. [Methodology] The studied species was identified by morphological and phylogenetic analyses based on ITS markers. Domestication capability was evaluated in different easy-access substrates. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activities were quantified, and proximal content was analyzed on cultivated basidiomata. [Results] Eucalypts sawdust-straw mixture produced basidiomata in higher yields in an intermediate amount of time (45 days). The highest concentration of phenolic compounds (35.6 ± 2.6 mg GAE g-1) and antioxidants (13.6 ± 1.3 mg AAE g-1) were obtained in the ethyl acetate fraction. Regarding proximal composition, F. rugulosus is composed of 20 % proteins, 15,4 % carbohydrates, 25,2 % dietary fiber and 5,7 % fat. [Conclusions] Nutritional composition analyses on cultivated basidiomata revealed F. rugulosus to be high in protein, carbohydrates, dietary fiber and essential fatty acids.
[Objetivo] El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la producción indoor de Favolus rugulosus en distintos sustratos y realizar los análisis de composición proximal de los basidiomas cultivados. [Metodología] La especie en estudio fue identificada por análisis morfológicos y filogenéticos basados en el marcador ITS. Se evaluó la capacidad de domesticación de la especie mediante el cultivo en distintos sustratos de fácil acceso, se cuantificó el contenido de compuestos fenólicos totales, antioxidantes y se realizó el análisis proximal de los basidiomas obtenidos. [Resultados] La mezcla eucalipto-paja resultó ser el mejor sustrato para la producción de basidiomas, por producir rindes más altos en un tiempo intermedio (45 días); la mayor concentración de compuestos fenólicos (35.6 ± 2.6 mg GAE g-1) y antioxidantes (13.6 ± 1.3 mg AAE g-1) se obtuvo en la fracción de acetato de etilo; en cuanto la composición proximal, F. rugulosus contiene 20 % proteínas, 15,4 % carbohidratos, 25,2 % fibra alimentaria y 5,7 % de grasas. [Conclusiones] Los análisis de composición química y nutricional del basidioma cultivado revelan que F. rugulosus es una fuente rica en proteínas, carbohidratos, fibra alimentaria y ácidos grasos esenciales.
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The description of the new species for Brazil, Cheilolejeunea savannae L.P. Macedo, Ilk.-Borg. & C.J. Bastos, raised the need to review many specimens previously identified as Cheilolejeunea intertexta (Lindenb.) Steph., aiming to refine the concept of this species and its real distribution in Brazil. The present study also resulted in the reinstatement of Cheilolejeunea compacta (Steph.) M.E. Reiner previously considered synonymous with C. intertexta, as a distinct taxon. It also showed that C. savannae has a wider distribution in Brazil and especially in the State of Bahia, compared to C. intertexta and C. compacta. Descriptions and a key to the separation of the three species recognized here are presented.
A descrição da nova espécie para o Brasil, Cheilolejeunea savannae L.P. Macedo, Ilk.-Borg. & C.J. Bastos, suscitou a necessidade de rever muitos espécimes identificados previamente como Cheilolejeunea intertexta (Lindenb.) Steph., objetivando o refinamento do conceito desta espécie e a sua real distribuição no Brasil. O presente estudo também resultou no restabelecimento de Cheilolejeunea compacta (Steph.) M.E. Reiner, previamente considerada como sinônimo de C. intertexta, como táxon distinto. Foi demonstrado, também, que C. savannae tem distribuição mais ampla no Brasil e especialmente no Estado da Bahia, comparativamente à C. intertexta e C. compacta. Descrições e uma chave para a separação das três espécies aqui reconhecidas são apresentadas.
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Panstrongylus is a Neotropical taxa of 16 species, some more widespread than others, that act as vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease (CD). This group is associated with mammalian reservoir niches. There are few studies of the biogeography and niche suitability of these triatomines. Using zoo-epidemiological occurrence databases, the distribution of Panstrongylus was determined based on bioclimatic modelling (DIVA GIS), parsimonious niche distribution (MAXENT), and parsimony analysis of endemic species (PAE). Through 517 records, a wide presence of P. geniculatus, P. rufotuberculatus, P. lignarius, and P. megistus was determined and recorded as frequent vectors of T. cruzi in rainforest habitats of 24-30 °C. These distributions were modeled with AUC >0.80 and <0.90, as well as with the seasonality of temperature, isothermality, and precipitation as relevant bioclimatic variables. Individual traces for each taxon in Panstrongylus-1036 records-showed widely dispersed lines for frequent vectors P. geniculatus, P. lignarius, P. rufotuberculatus, and P. megistus. Other occasional vectors showed more restricted dispersal, such as P. howardi, P. humeralis, P. lenti, P. lutzi, P. tupynambai, P. noireaiui, and P. chinai. Areas of defined environmental variation, geological change, and trans domain fluid fauna, such as the American Transition Zone and the Pacific Domain of Morrone, had the highest Panstrongylus diversity. Pan-biogeographic nodes appear to be areas of the greatest species diversity that act as corridors connecting biotopes and allowing fauna migration. Vicariance events in the geologic history of the continent need to be investigated. The geographical distribution of Panstrongylus overlapped with CD cases and Didelphis marsupialis/Dasypus novemcinctus presence, two important reservoirs in Central and South America. The information derived from the distribution of Panstrongylus provides knowledge for surveillance and vector control programs. It would increase information on the most and less relevant vector species of this zoonotic agent, for monitoring their population behavior.
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This review explores the evolution of extant South American tropical biomes, focusing on when and why they developed. Tropical vegetation experienced a radical transformation from being dominated by non-angiosperms at the onset of the Cretaceous to full angiosperm dominance nowadays. Cretaceous tropical biomes do not have extant equivalents; lowland forests, dominated mainly by gymnosperms and ferns, lacked a closed canopy. This condition was radically transformed following the massive extinction event at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. The extant lowland tropical rainforests first developed at the onset of the Cenozoic with a multistratified forest, an angiosperm-dominated closed canopy, and the dominance of the main families of the tropics including legumes. Cenozoic rainforest diversity has increased during global warming and decreased during global cooling. Tropical dry forests emerged at least by the late Eocene, whereas other Neotropical biomes including tropical savannas, montane forests, páramo/puna, and xerophytic forest are much younger, greatly expanding during the late Neogene, probably at the onset of the Quaternary, at the expense of the rainforest.
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Helechos , Magnoliopsida , Árboles , Ecosistema , Bosques , América del Sur , Clima TropicalRESUMEN
Licariaramiroi, a species endemic to western Mexico, is described and illustrated. The ascription of the new species to Licaria is analysed. It is classified in the subgen. Licaria and is most closely related to L.triandra and L.siphonantha from which it differs by its glabrous vegetative and floral structures, stamens mainly with free anthers and the inner wall of the receptacle sericeous. According to the IUCN criteria, the species is classified as critically endangered.
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The Neotropical freshwater cladoceran Bergamina lineolata (Sars, 1901) was found in a small temporal pond in the Magdalena department. Hitherto, it has been reported in Brazil and El Salvador. It was originally described as Alonella lineolata by Sars, 1901 from Brazil and then placed to the genus Bergamina by Elmoor-Loureiro et al. (2013). This is the first record of this species in Colombia. B. lineolata can be identified by a unique combination of characters including: 1) a remarkably large and oblong postabdomen, with three denticles on distal corner; 2) basal spine of the claw very short, length less than the half claw diameter at base; 3) IDL with two setae shorter than ODL seta, armed with fine setules unilaterally in terminal half; 4) endite 1 of trunk limb I with a long smooth seta between endites 1 and 2.
O cladócero neotropical de água doce Bergamina lineolata (Sars, 1901) foi encontrado em uma pequena lagoa temporária no departamento de Magdalena, na Colômbia. Até o momento, havia sido relatado no Brasil e em El Salvador. Foi originalmente descrito como Alonella lineolata por Sars, 1901 no Brasil, e, em seguida, colocado no gênero Bergamina por Elmoor-Loureiro et al. (2013). Esse é o primeiro registro dessa espécie na Colômbia. B. lineolata pode ser identificada por uma combinação única de caracteres, incluindo: 1) um pós-abdômen notavelmente grande e oblongo, com três dentículos no ângulo distal; 2) espinho basal da garra muito curto, comprimento menor que o diâmetro da metade da garra na base; 3) IDL com duas cerdas mais curtas que cerdas ODL, armadas com sétulas finas unilateralmente na metade terminal; e 4) endito 1 do toracópodo I com uma longa cerda lisa entre os enditos 1 e 2.
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Animales , Cladóceros/anatomía & histología , Cladóceros/clasificaciónRESUMEN
Abstract The Neotropical freshwater cladoceran Bergamina lineolata (Sars, 1901) was found in a small temporal pond in the Magdalena department. Hitherto, it has been reported in Brazil and El Salvador. It was originally described as Alonella lineolata by Sars, 1901 from Brazil and then placed to the genus Bergamina by Elmoor-Loureiro et al. (2013). This is the first record of this species in Colombia. B. lineolata can be identified by a unique combination of characters including: 1) a remarkably large and oblong postabdomen, with three denticles on distal corner; 2) basal spine of the claw very short, length less than the half claw diameter at base; 3) IDL with two setae shorter than ODL seta, armed with fine setules unilaterally in terminal half; 4) endite 1 of trunk limb I with a long smooth seta between endites 1 and 2.
Resumo O cladócero neotropical de água doce Bergamina lineolata (Sars, 1901) foi encontrado em uma pequena lagoa temporária no departamento de Magdalena, na Colômbia. Até o momento, havia sido relatado no Brasil e em El Salvador. Foi originalmente descrito como Alonella lineolata por Sars, 1901 no Brasil, e, em seguida, colocado no gênero Bergamina por Elmoor-Loureiro et al. (2013). Esse é o primeiro registro dessa espécie na Colômbia. B. lineolata pode ser identificada por uma combinação única de caracteres, incluindo: 1) um pós-abdômen notavelmente grande e oblongo, com três dentículos no ângulo distal; 2) espinho basal da garra muito curto, comprimento menor que o diâmetro da metade da garra na base; 3) IDL com duas cerdas mais curtas que cerdas ODL, armadas com sétulas finas unilateralmente na metade terminal; e 4) endito 1 do toracópodo I com uma longa cerda lisa entre os enditos 1 e 2.
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Abstract The Neotropical freshwater cladoceran Bergamina lineolata (Sars, 1901) was found in a small temporal pond in the Magdalena department. Hitherto, it has been reported in Brazil and El Salvador. It was originally described as Alonella lineolata by Sars, 1901 from Brazil and then placed to the genus Bergamina by Elmoor-Loureiro et al. (2013). This is the first record of this species in Colombia. B. lineolata can be identified by a unique combination of characters including: 1) a remarkably large and oblong postabdomen, with three denticles on distal corner; 2) basal spine of the claw very short, length less than the half claw diameter at base; 3) IDL with two setae shorter than ODL seta, armed with fine setules unilaterally in terminal half; 4) endite 1 of trunk limb I with a long smooth seta between endites 1 and 2.
Resumo O cladócero neotropical de água doce Bergamina lineolata (Sars, 1901) foi encontrado em uma pequena lagoa temporária no departamento de Magdalena, na Colômbia. Até o momento, havia sido relatado no Brasil e em El Salvador. Foi originalmente descrito como Alonella lineolata por Sars, 1901 no Brasil, e, em seguida, colocado no gênero Bergamina por Elmoor-Loureiro et al. (2013). Esse é o primeiro registro dessa espécie na Colômbia. B. lineolata pode ser identificada por uma combinação única de caracteres, incluindo: 1) um pós-abdômen notavelmente grande e oblongo, com três dentículos no ângulo distal; 2) espinho basal da garra muito curto, comprimento menor que o diâmetro da metade da garra na base; 3) IDL com duas cerdas mais curtas que cerdas ODL, armadas com sétulas finas unilateralmente na metade terminal; e 4) endito 1 do toracópodo I com uma longa cerda lisa entre os enditos 1 e 2.
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Animales , Cladóceros , Brasil , Colombia , Tamaño Corporal , Distribución AnimalRESUMEN
The Podocnemididae family is seriously affected by anthropogenic factors, which is why almost all of their family members are threatened, according to the IUCN red list. The biology and ecology of these species, as well as the hematological and serum chemistry reference intervals that allow clinical action and decision-making conservation programs, are poorly known. Based on this, the objective of this study was to establish the hematological and blood chemistry parameters of the Savannah side-necked turtle (Podocnemis vogli) and Yellow-spotted river turtle (Podocnemis unifilis) maintained in captivity at the Estación de Biología Tropical Roberto Franco (Villavicencio-Colombia). Forty-nine captive turtles of the species P. vogli (n = 28) and P. unifilis (n = 21) were sampled to determine hematological and serum chemistry parameters. Blood samples were taken from the jugular veins of both male and female turtles across both species. Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon tests were used to compare values between the parameters evaluated against genders and sizes. Reference intervals were calculated for the hematological and biochemical values of each species. Some assessed parameters demonstrated significant differences between the males and females of both species. Most of the analyzed parameters exhibited similar reference intervals in both species. In this study, we report values and propose the hematological and serum chemistry reference intervals for P. vogli and P. unifilis, which can be used in the clinical diagnosis of these reptiles and in future research.
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We present a case of chromatic disorder observed in a specimen of Trachops cirrhosus from lowland forests of the Ecuadorian Amazon. During the field work, six individuals of this species were captured with mist nets in an intervened habitat, of which, a juvenile male specimen was distinguishable from the rest of the individuals due to the presence of whitish spots on the ventral region, on the chest and abdomen. We discuss the previous reports of this type of pigmentary disorders in bats from Ecuador, and in the Neotropic, documenting the first record of Trachops cirrhosus with this condition for the country.
Presentamos un caso de desorden cromático observado en un ejemplar de Trachops cirrhosus proveniente de bosques de tierras bajas de la Amazonía ecuatoriana. Durante el trabajo de campo, seis individuos de esta especie fueron capturados con redes de niebla en un hábitat intervenido, de los cuales, un ejemplar macho juvenil fue distinguible del resto de individuos debido a la presencia manchas blanquecinas en la región ventral, en el pecho y abdomen. Discutimos sobre los reportes previos de este tipo de trastornos pigmentarios en murciélagos de Ecuador, y en el Neotrópico, documentando el primer registro de esta especie con esta condición para el país.
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Host-parasite coevolution is one of the main topics of the evolutionary biology of host-parasite associations. The majority of monogeneans parasitizing fish exhibit a high degree of host specificity. As a result, their evolutionary history might be intertwined with that of their fish hosts. The Cichlidae represent a diverse group of secondary freshwater fish with disjunctive distribution. Host-specific dactylogyrid monogeneans commonly parasitize cichlid fish. Their high diversity is associated with the main areas of cichlid distribution, i.e., Neotropical America and Africa. Nevertheless, the parasite fauna of cichlids from Neotropical America is still underexplored. A total of 31 cichlid species were examined for the presence of monogeneans, with 20 of them being parasitized. On these cichlids, 30 monogeneans belonging to the genera Gussevia, Trinidactylus, and Scadicleithrum were identified, 17 of them potentially representing new species for science. Phylogenetic analyses revealed three monophyletic groups of Neotropic cichlid monogeneans. Genus Gussevia was monophyletic, while Sciadicleithrum resulted polyphyletic. Sciedicleithrum from South America and Sciadicleithrum from Mexico represented two divergent lineages. The plesiomorphic Neotropical cichlid host group for dactylogyrid monogeneans was Cichlini, from which the representatives of other Neotropical cichlid tribes were colonised. Cophylogenetic analyses revealed a statistically significant cophylogenetic signal in the investigated host-parasite system, with host switch and duplication representing the main coevolutionary events for monogeneans parasitizing Neotropical cichlids. This scenario is in accordance with previous studies focussed on dactylogyridean monogeneans parasitizing freshwater fish in Europe and Africa.
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Cíclidos , Parásitos , Trematodos , Animales , Cíclidos/parasitología , Branquias/parasitología , Filogenia , Trematodos/genéticaRESUMEN
A total of 802 individuals of Lutjanus guttatus (Steindachner, 1869) specimens were collected over a 10-year period (August 2012 to February 2021) from four locations on the south-central Pacific coast of Mexico. Their parasite communities were quantified and analyzed to determine if they experience significant spatial and inter-annual variations. Thirty-two taxa of metazoan parasite were recovered and identified: four species of Digenea, four Monogenea, one Cestoda, two Acanthocephala, seven Nematoda, one Hirudinea, and nine of Crustacea (six Copepoda, and three Isopoda). Species richness was greatest among the digenean group, which represented 25% of the total species recovered, followed by the nematodes (22% of total species). Species richness at the component community level (10 to 20 species) was similar to reported richness in other Lutjanus spp. The component communities and infracommunities exhibited a similar pattern: low species richness and diversity, and dominance by a single species, mainly the monogenean Haliotrematoides guttati. Parasite community structure and species composition varied through the years, as well as between sampling locations. Variations were possibly caused by a combination of biotic and abiotic factors which generated notable changes in the infection levels of several component species. However, the similarity in the parasite species composition was high locally for short-term periods (one or two years). This result, therefore, suggests that parasite communities of L. guttatus may be more predictable locally, but only for short-term periods.
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Copépodos , Enfermedades de los Peces , Parásitos , Perciformes , Animales , Enfermedades de los Peces/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Peces/parasitología , Humanos , México/epidemiología , Perciformes/parasitologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In South and Central America, Plasmodium malariae/Plasmodium brasilianum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium simium, and Plasmodium falciparum has been reported in New World primates (NWP). Specifically in Costa Rica, the presence of monkeys positive to P. malariae/P brasilianum has been identified in both captivity and in the wild. The aim of the present study was to determine the presence of P. brasilianum, P. falciparum, and P. vivax, and the potential distribution of these parasites-infecting NWP from Costa Rica. METHODS: The locations with PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) positive results and bioclimatic predictors were used to construct ecological niche models based on a modelling environment that uses the Maxent algorithm, named kuenm, capable to manage diverse settings to better estimate the potential distributions and uncertainty indices of the potential distribution. RESULTS: PCR analysis for the Plasmodium presence was conducted in 384 samples of four primates (Howler monkey [n = 130], White-face monkey [n = 132], Squirrel monkey [n = 50], and red spider monkey [n = 72]), from across Costa Rica. Three Plasmodium species were detected in all primate species (P. falciparum, P. malariae/P. brasilianum, and P. vivax). Overall, the infection prevalence was 8.9%, but each Plasmodium species ranged 2.1-3.4%. The niche model approach showed that the Pacific and the Atlantic coastal regions of Costa Rica presented suitable climatic conditions for parasite infections. However, the central pacific coast has a more trustable prediction for malaria in primates. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that the regions with higher suitability for Plasmodium transmission in NWP coincide with regions where most human cases have been reported. These regions were also previously identified as areas with high suitability for vector species, suggesting that enzootic and epizootic cycles occur.
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Alouatta , Ateles geoffroyi , Cebus capucinus , Malaria/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Monos/epidemiología , Plasmodium/aislamiento & purificación , Saimiri , Animales , Costa Rica/epidemiología , Malaria/epidemiología , Malaria/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Monos/parasitología , Prevalencia , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
Resumen Presentamos 13 especies del género Eurysternus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Oniticellini) del departamento de Loreto - Perú. Registramos por primera vez para Perú a la especie Eurysternus ventricosus Gill, 1990. Además, proporcionamos fotos de los habitus y aedeagus y mapas de distribución de las especies encontradas en este departamento.
Abstract Thirteen species of the genus Eurysternus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Oniticellini) occurring in Loreto Department - Peru are presented. Eurysternus ventricosus Gill, 1990 is recorded for the first time in Peru. Additionally, the habitus and aedeagus are illustrated, and distribution records for all the species found in the department are presented.
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RESUMEN El presente estudio describe las abejas nativas en la Provincia Puna de la Región Andina, en la Reserva Nacional de Salinas y Aguada Blanca en Arequipa, Perú. Los muestreos se realizaron durante siete meses en tres zonas representativas del bosque de Polylepis y del ecosistema Yaretal entre los 3900-4300 m. s. n. m. utilizando dos métodos de colecta: red entomológica y platos amarillos. En total se colectaron 545 especímenes pertenecientes a 26 morfoespecies, diez géneros y cuatro familias. La familia Halictidae presentó la mayor abundancia de individuos 475 (87,1 %), seguida de Megachilidae con 43 individuos (7,7 %), Colletidae 21 individuos (3,8 %) y Apidae con seis individuos (1 %). El género más abundante y diverso fue Caenohalictus con ocho morfoespecies y 466 individuos. Adicionalmente, se colectaron dos especies cleptoparásitas: Acanthopus y Sphecodes. Las áreas de muestreo por debajo de 4100 m.s.n.m. mostraron una mayor riqueza de especies, mientras que el muestreo por encima de 4100 m. s. n. m. mostró una disminución en la diversidad. El muestreo por red entomológica fue el método más efectivo en riqueza de especies (21; 81 %) y el muestreo de platos amarillos en abundancia de individuos (485; 89 %). Los resultados muestran que existe una considerable riqueza de especies de abejas en las áreas altoandinas y resaltan la necesidad de realizar más estudios de abejas en esta y otras ecorregiones del Perú.
ABSTRACT The present study describes the wild bee population in the Puna province of the Andean Region, in the Salinas y Aguada Blanca National Reserve, Arequipa, Peru. Sampling was carried out for seven months in three representative areas of the Polylepis forest and Yaretal ecosystem between 3900 to 4300 m above sea level using two methods (entomological net and pan traps [yellow plates]). A total of 545 specimens were collected, belonging to four families, ten genera, and 26 morphospecies. Halictidae presented the greatest abundance of individuals (475; 87.1 %), followed by Megachilidae (43 individuals; 7.7 %), Colletidae (21 individuals; 3.8 %), and Apidae (6 individuals; 1 %). The most abundant and diverse genus was Caenohalictus, with eight morphospecies and 466 individuals. In addition, two kleptoparasitic species were collected: Acanthopus and Sphecodes. The sampling areas below 4100 m showed greater species richness, whereas the sampling over 4100 m showed a decrease in diversity. Sampling by entomological net was the most effective method for determining species richness (21; 81 %), and the sampling by pan traps for determining individual abundance (485; 89 %). The results show the considerable richness of bee species in the high Andean areas and highlight the need for further studies of bees in this and other ecoregions of Peru.
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A new species of Epidendrum L. from northern Peru is described, illustrated, and compared with related species. This new species belongs to the Laxicaule Group and shares morphological characteristics with Epidendrumlaxicaule D.E. Benn & Christenson but differs in the shape and length of the dorsal sepal; the shape of the petals and the lip, ribs position of the lip, shape of the vesicle formed between the ovary and the column as well as the section of the stem.
AbstractSe describe, ilustra y compara una nueva especie de Epidendrum L. del norte de Perú con otras especies relacionadas. Esta nueva especie pertenece al Grupo Laxicaule y comparte características morfológicas con Epidendrumlaxicaule D.E. Benn & Christenson pero difiere en la forma y longitud del sépalo dorsal; la forma de los pétalos y del labio, la posición de las costillas del labio, la forma de la vesícula formada entre el ovario y la columna así como la sección del tallo.
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The genus Rhytidhysteron is characterised by forming navicular to apothecial hysterothecia, exposing the green, yellow, orange, red, vinaceous or black colours of the hymenium which generally releases pigments in the presence of KOH. The exciple is smooth or striated, the asci bitunicate and ascospores have 1-5 transverse septa. To date, twenty-six Rhytidhysteron species have been described from the Tropics. The present study aims to describe three new species in the Neotropics of Mexico based on molecular methods and morphological features. Illustrations and a taxonomic key are provided for all known species of this genus. Rhytidhysteroncozumelense from the Isla Cozumel Biosphere Reserve, R.esperanzae from the Sierra Juárez, Oaxaca and R.mesophilum from the Sierra Madre Oriental, Hidalgo are described as new species. With the present study, the number of species of Rhytidhysteron known from Mexico is now increased to eight.
RESUMEN
A complete revision of the genus Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) in the New World (Nearctic and Neotropical regions) is conducted for the first time in order to stabilize its taxonomy. A total of 11 new species are described from Mexico: S. ashmeadi Lobato-Vila Pujade-Villar, sp. nov.; S. beutenmulleri Lobato-Vila Pujade-Villar, sp. nov.; S. compressus Lobato-Vila Pujade-Villar, sp. nov.; S. diversicolor Lobato-Vila Pujade-Villar, sp. nov.; S. ebenus Lobato-Vila Pujade-Villar, sp. nov.; S. linnei Lobato-Vila Pujade-Villar, sp. nov.; S. macrackenae Lobato-Vila Pujade-Villar, sp. nov.; S. oaxaquensis Lobato-Vila Pujade-Villar, sp. nov.; S. personatus Lobato-Vila Pujade-Villar, sp. nov.; S. ruficephalus Lobato-Vila Pujade-Villar, sp. nov.; and S. weldi Lobato-Vila Pujade-Villar, sp. nov. Synergus splendidus Fullaway, 1911 is proposed as a syn. nov. of S. dorsalis (Provacher, 1889); S. garryana Gillette, 1893 and S. oneratus coloradensis Gillette, 1896 as syn. nov. of S. oneratus (Harris, 1841); and S. magnificus Weld, 1957 as a syn. nov. of S. reniformis McCracken Egbert, 1922. Redescriptions and illustrations are provided for poorly characterized species. A key to species and a summary table including all valid Synergus from the New World, their biology and distribution, are given. Distribution, morphology, and trophic associations are discussed and compared between New World and Palaearctic species.
